Poems of Protest and Revolution

A Collection of Classic Poetry About Social Protest

Burning Of Shelley
'The Burning of Shelley', July 1822. Hulton Archive / Getty Images

Nearly 175 years ago Percy Bysshe Shelley said, in his "Defence of Poetry", that “poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.” In the years since, many poets have taken that role to heart, right up to the present day.

They’ve been rabble-rousers and protesters, revolutionaries and yes, sometimes, lawmakers. Poets have commented on the events of the day, giving voice to the oppressed and downtrodden, immortalized rebels, and campaigned for social change. 

Looking back to the headwaters of this river of protest poetry, we’ve gathered a collection of classic poems regarding protest and revolution, beginning with Shelley’s own “The Masque of Anarchy.” 

Percy Bysshe Shelley: “The Masque of Anarchy”

(published in 1832; Shelley died in 1822)

This poetic fountain of outrage was prompted by the infamous Peterloo Massacre of 1819 in Manchester, England.

The massacre began as a peaceful protest of pro-democracy and anti-poverty and ended with at least 18 deaths and over 700 serious injuries. Within those numbers were innocents; women and children. Two centuries later the poem retains its power.

Shelley's moving poem is an epic 91 verses, each of four or five lines a piece. It is brilliantly written and mirrors the intensity of the 39th and 40th stanzas

        XXXIX.
What is Freedom?—ye can tell
That which slavery is, too well—
For its very name has grown
To an echo of your own.
      XL.
’Tis to work and have such pay
As just keeps life from day to day
In your limbs, as in a cell
For the tyrants’ use to dwell,

Percy Bysshe Shelley: Song to the Men of England”

(published by Mrs. Mary Shelley in "The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley" in 1839)

In this classic, Shelley employs his pen to speak specifically to the workers of England. Again, his anger is felt in every line and it is clear that he is tormented by the oppression he sees of the middle class.

"Song to the Men of England" is written simply, it was designed to appeal to the less educated of England's society; the workers, the drones, the people who fed the wealth of the tyrants.

The eight stanzas of the poem are four lines each and follow a rhythmic AABB song-like format. In the second stanza, Shelley tries to wake up the workers to the plight they may not see:

Wherefore feed and clothe and save
From the cradle to the grave
Those ungrateful drones who would
Drain your sweat—nay, drink your blood?

By the sixth stanza, Shelley is calling the people to rise up much like the French did in the revolution a few decades prior:

Sow seed—but let no tyrant reap:
Find wealth—let no imposter heap:
Weave robes—let not the idle wear:
Forge arms—in your defence to bear.

William Wordsworth: “The Prelude, or, Growth of a Poet’s Mind

Books 9 and 10, Residence in France (published in 1850, the year of the poet's death)

Of the 14 books that poetically detail Wordsworth's life, Books 9 and 10 regard his time in France during the French Revolution. A young man in his late 20's, the turmoil took a great toll on this otherwise home-bodied Englishman.

In Book 9, Woodsworth writes passionately:

A light, a cruel, and vain world cut off
From the natural inlets of just sentiment,
From lowly sympathy and chastening truth;
Where good and evil interchange their names,
And thirst for bloody spoils abroad is paired

Walt Whitman: “To a Foil’d European Revolutionaire”

(from "Leaves of Grass," first published in the 1871-72 edition with another edition published in 1881)

One of Whitman's most famous collections of poetry, "Leaves of Grass" was a lifetime work that the poet edited and published a decade after its initial release. Within this is are the revolutionary words of “To a Foil’d European Revolutionaire.

Though it's unclear whom Whitman is speaking to, his ability to spark courage and resilience in the revolutionaries of Europe remains a powerful truth. As the poem begins, there is no doubting the poet's passion. We only wonder what sparked such embroiled words.

Courage yet, my brother or my sister!
Keep on—Liberty is to be subserv’d whatever occurs;
That is nothing that is quell’d by one or two failures, or any number of failures,
Or by the indifference or ingratitude of the people, or by any unfaithfulness,
Or the show of the tushes of power, soldiers, cannon, penal statutes.

Paul Laurence Dunbar, “The Haunted Oak”

A haunting poem written in 1903, Dunbar takes on the strong subject of lynching and Southern justice in "The Haunted Oak". He views the matter through the thoughts of the oak tree employed in the matter.

The thirteenth stanza may be the most revealing:

I feel the rope against my bark,
And the weight of him in my grain,
I feel in the throe of his final woe
The touch of my own last pain.

More Revolutionary Poetry

Poetry is the perfect venue for social protest no matter the subject. In your studies, be sure to read these classics to get a better sense of the roots of revolutionary poetry.

  • Edwin Markham, “The Man With the Hoe” - Inspired by Jean-François Millet’s painting "Man with a Hoe,” this poem was originally published in the San Francisco Examiner in 1899. Upton Sinclair noted in "The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest" that Markham's poem became “the battle-cry of the next thousand years.” Truly, it speaks to hard labor and the working man.
  • Ella Wheeler Wilcox, “Protest” - From "Poems of Purpose," published in 1916, this poem embodies the spirit of protest no matter the cause. To speak up and show your bravery against those who cause suffering, Wilcox's words are timeless.
  • Carl Sandburg, “I Am the People, the Mob” - Also from a 1916 collection of poetry, "Chicago Poems," Sandburg reinforces the thoughts of Wilcox. He speaks of the power of "the people — the mob — the crowd — the mass" and the ability to remember wrongs while learning a better way.
  • Carl Sandburg, “The Mayor of Gary” - A free-form verse that appeared in 1922's "Smoke and Steel," this poem looks at the Gary, Indiana of 1915. The "12-hour day and the 7-day week" of the workers drew a sharp contrast to Gary's trim and proper mayor who had time for a shampoo and shave.
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Snyder, Bob Holman & Margery. "Poems of Protest and Revolution." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/poems-of-protest-and-revolution-2725466. Snyder, Bob Holman & Margery. (2023, April 5). Poems of Protest and Revolution. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/poems-of-protest-and-revolution-2725466 Snyder, Bob Holman & Margery. "Poems of Protest and Revolution." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/poems-of-protest-and-revolution-2725466 (accessed March 19, 2024).